Mother's Milk and the Hormone Oxytosin

Mother's milk is one of the countless miracles that God has created. The ingredients it contains meet all of a newborn baby's nutritional needs. Furthermore, those ingredients change according to the changing needs of the baby's developing body. The manufacturers of this substance, the like of which scientists are unable to manufacture in their laboratories, are particular cells in the mother's breast. These cells possess the matchless formula for mother's milk and know exactly when to begin production and when to alter the makeup of the fluid they produce.
So how does the production of mother's milk begin, and how is it controlled? In the answers to this question lie hidden many miracles of creation. The hormonal system and nervous system work together in milk production, which in turn takes place as the result of a flawless flow of information and planning.
One very special hormone activates the milk glands in the mother's breast. This is the hormone prolactin, secreted by the pituitary gland.
At the beginning of pregnancy, however, a number of factors restrict the secretion of the hormone prolactin. We may think of these factors' function resembling the pressure on a brake pedal in a car moving downhill. The tendency of the car is to keep rolling freely downhill, but it will not do so as long as the brake pedal is pushed down. In the human body, milk production is suppressed.
Halting the production of the hormone prolactin is a very wise decision, since there is no point a mother producing milk being before her baby is even born. So how does this "brake pedal" in question function? How is prolactin kept from being secreted earlier than it's required? Here, a perfect system must be factored in. The hypothalamus region of the mother's brain secretes a hormone that suppresses the production of prolactin. This hormone, known as for prolactin-inhibiting hormone (or PIH for short) slows the production of prolactin, thus putting a brake on its secretion.How is the depression of the brake pedal established? The hormone known as estrogen, with the chemical formula C18H24O2, is produced during pregnancy, and permits the hypothalamus to secrete PIH Secretion of estrogen declines with the birth of the baby; which in turn permits a corresponding reduction in PIH. This process resembles the "brake" being slowly lifted, and thus the production of prolactin slowly increases, stimulating the milk glands to produce mother's milk.
We are looking at a marvel of creation here. Thanks to this design, milk production is prevented during the first months of pregnancy. Let us now raise questions presented by this system as a whole:
How do the cells that produce the hormone prolactin recognize the milk glands? By what intelligence and consciousness do they give the needed command to the cells responsible for milk production?
How can the hormones that prevent the production of prolactin before birth know that milk need not yet be secreted, and that they should wait a while longer?
How have these hormones learned that prolactin stimulates milk production in the first place, and that its production must be prevented in order to prevent production of milk?
The answer is that God, the Lord of the worlds, creates all this miraculous system. All things act by His inspiration.

Emergency Assistance The Hormone Adrenaline

In times of fear or danger, there is a molecule that helps every human being: adrenaline. For example, this hormone puts the brain of a pilot whose plane has engine trouble into a state of alarm. It sends more blood and sugar to his brain cells, enabling the pilot to exercise greater care and attention. At the same time, it raises his pulse and blood pressure, enabling him to be more alert and react more quickly. It gives the muscles extra strength, raises the level of sugar in the bloodstream and thus enables the pilot to generate the extra energy he needs.
This miraculous hormone produced—and stored—by the adrenal glands possesses many properties and is a proof of God's sublime knowledge and immaculate creation.
How does adrenaline give rise to these effects? When danger arises, the equivalent of an alarm button is pressed in the body. The brain issues a lightning-fast command to the adrenal glands. Cells inside the gland enter a state of activation and secrete adrenaline molecules. Entering the bloodstream, these molecules are distributed to various regions of the body. (Figures 29 through 32).
The adrenaline molecules thus released broaden the blood vessels, leading to such vital organs as the brain, heart and muscles. In this way, these organs thus obtain the extra oxygen and nutrients they require to cope with an emergency.5 (Figure 32)
As the adjustments performed by the adrenaline widen blood vessels leading to the heart, brain and muscles, they also narrow those going to the liver and skin (Figure 33).
The body is thus given the support it needs in the best possible manner.
There is another reason for the skin to receive less blood: This way, any risk of blood loss in the event of injury is reduced to a minimum. The pallor appearance of someone who is terrified or extremely excited arises from less blood being pumped to the skin at that moment.6
The vessels leading to the heart or brain are never narrowed by mistake, and those leading to the liver or skin are never expanded. The adrenaline molecule does its job very well. The diameters of the hundreds of blood vessels in the body and the amount of blood transmitted by these, and to where, are all regulated by a hormone, in quantities too small to be detected with ordinary senses.
Adrenaline has a different significance for every organ it encounters. When going to the blood vessels, it expands them, and when it goes to the heart, it accelerates the contraction of the muscle cells there. In this way, the heart beats faster, and the muscles obtain the extra circulation they need to produce extra strength (Figure 34).
When the adrenaline molecule reaches muscle cells, it enables them to contract more powerfully (Figure 35). Adrenaline molecules arriving at the liver, command cells there to release more sugar into the blood. The level of sugar in the bloodstream thus rises, and the muscles obtain the extra fuel they require (Figure 36).
This very small adrenaline molecule knows very well what it has to do, and when, and never places the human body into a state of alarm so long as it perceives no need. In addition, it never forgets what kind of command it must issue to the different cells it encounters. Moreover, this all goes to show that this hormone is very well acquainted with the cells and organs and their functions. Nor does it ever make a mistake over when the state of alarm needs to come to an end, or the body might suffer irreparable damage due to overstimulation.
However, this tiny molecule functions in apparent knowledge of this responsibility. How can a molecule consisting of a few atoms combined in a specific sequence—which is inanimate, unconscious and possesses no brain or eyes—exhibit such intelligent, organized and rapid behavior? Is it possible for all these actions to take place through the intelligence and will of a quantity of fluid too small to be seen with the naked eye? Of course not!
Everything we have described here is simply evidence that proves that God has created every molecule in our bodies, which molecules act according to the power, will, control and command of Almighty God at every moment, throughout the course of our lives. Almighty God manifests His might, power, and the sublime knowledge and intelligence in His creation at all times and in all places.
As God reveals in the Qur'an:

What is in the heavens and in the earth belongs to God. God encompasses all things. (Surat an-Nisa', 126)

The Clock in Our Bodies That Never Goes Wrong

As everyone is well aware, during adolescence—the transitional stage between childhood and adulthood—the body undergoes a large number of changes, many simultaneously. But what mechanism so accurately regulates the timing of and initiates these changes inside the bodies of billions of people? It is as if there were an alarm clock in the human body, and when the clock rings, certain hormones are awakened and go into action.
There is no clock in the body, of course. But as we shall be seeing shortly in some detail, certain cells in the hypothalamus region of the brain go into action after a delay of some 12 to 13 years, just as if they had heard an alarm clock going off. At a specific age, cells in the hypothalamus begin secreting a hormone known as GnRH. This hormone issues a command to the pituitary gland to begin producing two hormones known as the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
These two hormones have very important duties and miraculous abilities. Both initiate the process of diversification and maturation in both the male and female bodies—.a very important detail, because FSH and LH have each been designed to be compatible with the separate regions of the anatomy in which these respective changes are brought about. Both hormones also act as if they were well aware what they have to do.
In the female body, FSH ensures the maturation and development of egg cells in the ovaries. Another of its duties is to ensure that the ovaries begin to secrete increased quantities of another very important hormone, estrogen.
The hormone FSH is also secreted in the male body, according to the same formula. There, however, it has entirely different effects, stimulating the growth of the testes and initiating sperm production.
In the female body, the task of LH is to ensure the release of the maturing egg. In addition, it ensures the secretion of another female hormone, progesterone.
In the male body, of course, LH does a different job. It stimulates the so-called Leydig cells in the testes, which in turn ensures the secretion of the hormone testosterone.
It is of course a great marvel that these same hormones should be produced according to the same formula, and yet have entirely different effects in the bodies of each gender. How do the hormones "know" the difference between the male and the female body? How is it that a hormone with the same formula stimulates different organs—and ensures the production of testosterone in males and of progesterone in females?
How do hormones produced according to the same formula recognize the masculine body and develop a deep voice and heavier musculature appropriate to that body, while producing characteristic changes and chemistry in the female body? How was this perfect genetic program that causes different effects and the formation of two different genders by way of the same hormone installed within the cell?
All these phenomena are clearly independent of coincidence, the cell, or the atoms that constitute the cell. These arrangements—in forms specifically and individually tailored to men and women, reveal the existence of intelligent creation and in-depth planning. There can be no doubt that this creation belongs to God, the flawless Creator of the universe and all things within it.
Everyone who reflects on the perfection in creation must give thanks by calling on our Lord, Who created us from nothing:

O Humanity! Worship your Lord, Who created you and those before you, so that hopefully you will guard against evil. (Surat al-Baqara, 21)

Praise be to God, the Bringer into Being of the heavens and earth, He Who made the angels messengers, with wings—–two, three or four. He adds to creation in any way He wills. God has power over all things. (Surah Fatir, 1)

Hemoglobin:The Miraculous Oxygen-Bearing Molecule

Hemoglobin: The Miraculous Oxygen – Bearing Molecule

The main purpose of respiration is the expulsion of the carbon dioxide (CO2) from the body and its replacement by life-giving oxygen. These processes take place in a site far distant from the body tissues—in the lungs. That being so, the oxygen entering the body by way of the lungs needs to be carried to the tissues in some way, and the carbon dioxide forming in the tissues has to be removed from the lungs in the same way. How is that transportation carried out?
Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, are the tireless, indefatigable carriers of the oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. The erythrocytes that come into contact with the air in the lungs release their carbon dioxide—a waste product—they've brought from the cells into small sacs, and absorb the oxygen in those sacs. This process takes place along a very special membrane. One side of this membrane receives oxygenated air in the sac or alveolus, while on the other side, there are capillary extensions of such narrow width as to permit only one erythrocyte to pass. In this way, oxygen molecules has no difficulty in making contact with the erythrocytes.
The oxygen molecule is transported to the cells by a molecule inside the erythrocytes known as hemoglobin, which possesses a very special creation. In external appearance, it resembles a kind of donut with a thick membrane covering the central hole and is ideally suited to carrying both oxygen and carbon dioxide. Bonding to the oxygen molecules in the lung, hemoglobin sets out for the farthest parts of the body by way of the bloodstream. When it reaches the tissues that need oxygen, another miracle takes place. The hemoglobin molecule's very special design is affected by its chemical environment, and the chemical bond between it and the oxygen breaks. As a result, the hemoglobin deposits the oxygen molecules it is carrying, which permit life to continue in the surrounding cells.
The duties of hemoglobin do not end here. It also plays an essential role in transporting the carbon dioxide that needs to be removed from its immediate surroundings. This phenomenon can be summarized thus:
The carbon dioxide produced by cell respiration passes from the cell to the tissue fluid, and from there to the capillary vessels. Part of the carbon dioxide combines with the hemoglobin in the erythrocytes and is transported away in the form of carbamino hemoglobin. The other part combines with water, under the influence of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, to form carbonic acid, which later separates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. The emerging hydrogen ion is caught by the hemoglobin.
Carbon dioxide is thus carried from the capillary vessels through the larger veins and finally to the heart . From there, it is transported to the lungs. Following various processes that take place in the lungs, the carbon dioxide is expelled during normal exhalation, several times a minute.
There is another noteworthy feature in hemoglobin's structure. As well as being able to transport oxygen, it can also release the oxygen it carries at the right moment. The secret behind this ability lies in the chemical bond established between the oxygen molecules and hemoglobin.
To help you fully understand the importance of this property of hemoglobin the following analysis should be useful: If the bond established between hemoglobin were even slightly weaker, hemoglobin would not attach to the oxygen. Then oxygen molecules would fail to be carried to the tissues. This would mean inevitable death for any living thing. Were the exact opposite to occur—were the bond between hemoglobin and oxygen to be even slightly stronger—then the hemoglobin and oxygen would be unable to separate from one another upon reaching the tissues. The cells would again be deprived of oxygen, and the living thing would die within a matter of minutes.
These two facts represent evident proof of a special design inside hemoglobin—a perfect system that has been created for transporting oxygen inside the human body. Every detail within this system is just one of the countless proofs that display the infinite nature of the knowledge and might of God.

The Messenger Hormone's Journey within the Cell

When any organ wishes to produce a given protein, it sends a message to the cells. When the "messenger" molecule reaches the cell, it attaches to the antenna on the cell membrane. During this bonding, it transmits the message it carries by its very presence to the antenna, which then forwards the information it has received to its "tail" in the interior of the cell. The antennas, which at the outset were in a single state, now come together in paired groups. Enzymes in the body region alter the shape of the tail section by adding phosphate to it, in a process known as phosphorylation. All these processes are to summon the proteins in the cell known as communication molecules (Figure 81).
Several molecules and proteins provide technical support for this system. At this stage, molecules known as GTP—and those proteins referred to as G for short—have an important effect. If the system is to function effectively, it is vital that several factors all enter into play at the right moment (Figure 82).
It is evident that this communication system, whose first stage is described here in general terms, could hardly have come into being spontaneously, and that the unconscious atoms comprising the cell could not have thought up such a system. It is Almighty God Who created this perfect system from nothing. God is He Who inspires all living things with what they need to do and Who keeps them under His control at all moments.

Communication Control in the Cell

Different hormones give rise to their own particular effects on the cells comprising the relevant organs. For example, the messages carried by the insulin and glucagons—which regulate the level of sugar in the bloodstream—have exactly opposite structures. For that reason, each hormone sets in motion different communications channels inside the cell. Receptors working like a communications switchboard locate the communication molecules, to which they will forward reports without fail.
At this phase, any wrong choice will damage the communication network and give rise to serious diseases that could even prove fatal. Yet the literally expert behavior of the receptors in the cell membrane maintains perfect communication.
This leads us to some important questions: How do the receptors stimulated by different hormones select, without error, the messenger proteins they need to combine with? How do these receptors manage to fulfill their duties without ever causing fatal errors?
Recent scientific research has helped us find the answers to these questions. The cell's flawless communication stems from its perfect design, a manifestation of Almighty God's extraordinary creation.
Let us consider SH2, the module about which we possess the most information. This protein particle consists of two main sections. One part of SH2 bonds tightly to the receptor tail; it is the second section that gives the SH2 particles their fundamental property, that of working like a code-reading device.
The number and sequence of the amino acids in the receptor tail forms the coded message brought to the cell; only a form of SH2 module carries out the binding by resolving this code. In this way, a special line of chemical communication is established between the cell membrane and the nucleus. As you can now appreciate, all these complex processes are regulated according to a specific coding system, not haphazardly. This magnificent order is another sign that everything has been created in due measure, and to be compatible with everything else.
In order to show another example of this exquisite harmony, let us now consider the communications system that speeds into action to repair injury whenever—for example—a person cuts his finger. In that event, a messenger molecule called PDGF bonds to a smooth muscle cell receptor in the damaged blood vessel. As a result of this attachment, the arm of the receptor within the cell attracts to itself a protein known as Grb2, a messenger formed by the combination of SH2 and SH3 particles; it works like an adaptor to establish communication among proteins. In the wake of this, the Grb2 attracts a messenger protein called sos, already present in the cytoplasm inside the cell, which contains an enzyme to it. sos sets in motion another protein, ras. At the end of this sequence of processes, the command is transmitted to the relevant genes inside the cell nucleus, and the cell begins to divide, creating new tissue to heal the wound.
Based on the results of their research, scientists have arrived at the following interpretation: There exist mechanisms that automatically repair any possible flaws in the cell's communications system.15 These mechanisms, the product of a superior creation, are far more advanced than any control systems used in modern technology. In this way, hormones, receptors, adaptors, proteins and microscopic particles have all been acting in harmonious cooperation even since human beings were first created.
It's impossible to claim that such a complex order emerged by chance. The complexity in this system is far more advanced and extraordinary than the internal networks established by any multinational company with branches, production and marketing offices all over the world. Moreover, it is tiny molecules that are invisible to all but the most powerful electron microscopes, that enable this splendid network. All of its components are bound up with one another, rather than conscious, informed, trained and intelligent human beings.
One cannot, of course, expect molecules themselves to set up such a sophisticated organization. It is Almighty God, Lord of the worlds, Who created this system from nothing and Who inspires their activities in all its components.

The Power Station in the Human Body

The energy we need to stand up and walk, stand on our feet, breathe, and open our eyes—in short, for our very survival—is produced in power stations in our cells known as mitochondria. The aptness of this comparison can clearly be seen when we examine the processes that take place in these microscopic organelles.
Oxygen plays the major role in the production of energy in the cell, but oxygen also has many assistants. In just about every phase of energy production, several enzymes enter the equation with their exceedingly conscious behavior; the enzymes that complete their functions in one stage make way for others in the next. Thus thanks to dozens of intermediate processes and the countless chemical reactions and hundreds of different enzymes involved in these processes, the energy stored in foodstuffs, having been digested, is transmuted into a form that can benefit the cell. During these many changes, these enzymes never create any confusion, and their order never goes wrong. All the components work together as a disciplined team.
We can say that the power station inside our cells, just 1/100 millimeter in size, is more complex than any petrol refinery or hydroelectric station
A gasoline refinery is built and run by engineers who know what petroleum is, who have analyzed crude oil under laboratory conditions and who act in the light of that knowledge. It is impossible even to imagine that people with no knowledge and experience could build a functioning oil refinery .
The production of energy in the living cell, which is far more complex than oil production, also requires information. Yet it would be ridiculous to suggest that a cell has the ability to learn anything at all. How, therefore, does this energy production take place?
Naturally, no cell has the opportunity to learn any biological function in the literal sense of the word. If the cell were unable to perform any function at the moment it first came into being—as evolutionists maintain—then it would be impossible for it to obtain the ability to do so later. That is because oxygen, which plays the paramount role in energy production, has harmful effects on the cell. The cell has to emerge together with the ability to utilize oxygen. This is just one of the proofs that cells cannot have emerged by chance, but were created in a single moment by Almighty God.
This artistry that God located in a space as small as 1/100 millimeter, shows us the infinite nature of His might.

DNA Replication

As you know, cells replicate themselves by dividing. But what happens to DNA as a result of this division process? There is one single DNA strand in each cell. Yet the newly emerging “twin” cell will also need complete DNA of its own. In order to achieve this, a series of processes takes place, every stage of which is an independent miracle. As a result, an exact copy of the “original” DNA is formed shortly before cell division takes place, and this copy is transferred to the new-formed cell.
In order to replicate itself, DNA first separates itself into two opposite parts. This takes place in a most interesting manner. The DNA molecule, which resembles a spiral staircase, split down the middle, much like a zipper being unzipped, by an enzyme called DNA helicase. As the arms of the DNA separate from one another, helix-stabilizing enzymes keep both arms fixed, in order that they should not wrap round one another again
The DNA has now been divided into two halves. The missing halves of each are completed with materials available around them. The task of making good these gaps is performed by DNA polymerase. Thus, two new DNA molecules are produced
The new DNA molecules that emerge during this matching are checked many times by supervisory enzymes. If any error has taken place (and any such error could have fatal consequences), it is immediately identified and corrected. Incorrect DNA codes are torn apart, replaced with correct ones, and then re-assembled. All these processes take place at such a dizzying speed that a 3,000-step nucleotide is produced in a minute, during which time all these steps are checked and the necessary adjustments made many times
As a result of external factors such as radiation or pollution, more errors than normal may occur in the newly produced DNA molecule. This time, the ribosomes in the cell begin to produce DNA-repairing enzymes in light of the commands coming from the DNA. Thus the DNA is protected, and the survival of the daughter cells—and the entire organism—is ensured
Unknown to you, countless processes and supervision are performed, and precautionary measures are taken, over the course of the day, to allow you to continue with your life in a problem-free manner, with an astonishing care and sense of responsibility. Each task is performed flawlessly and successfully. Almighty God has placed countless atoms and molecules, from the smallest (hydrogen atoms) to the largest (polymer molecules), at our service, in order for us to live agreeable, healthy lives.
One of the most amazing aspects of these enzymes, which ensure the production of DNA and also monitor its structure, are proteins produced in the light of information recorded in the DNA itself, and under the command and control of that same DNA. This system is so magnificent and interconnected that it’s impossible for it to have come into existence by chance. DNA must exist in order for the cell to be, but the cell must exist in order for DNA to be—and the cell has to exist in order for both to be.! Moreover, the cell has to be fully formed, from its membrane down to all its tiny, complex organelles.
The theory of evolution, which claims that living things developed in stages as a result of consecutive beneficial coincidences, has no answer to the question of whether DNA or the necessary enzymes described above came into existence first. For a cell to survive, let alone reproduce, both the DNA and enzymes need to exist at one and the same time. And that is impossible in terms of the imaginary mechanisms proposed by the theory of evolution.

Repair Enzymes

Errors that might arise in DNA as a result of external factors are identified and repaired by DNA control mechanisms. These consist of enzymes produced in the light of the information in the DNA itself. Although there are different repair mechanisms, the basic principle is that the damaged nucleotide carries out repairs in the light of information it receives from an undamaged nucleotide. This process generally takes place in three stages:
1. After being identified by the enzyme known as DNA nuclease, the damaged part of the DNA string is broken off, thus forming a gap in the DNA spiral.
2. DNA polymerase, another enzyme, attaches the necessary nucleotide to the gap, according to the information it receives from the healthy portion of the damaged nucleotide.
3. The DNA repair is not yet finished! A break has formed on the sugar-phosphate line on the repaired area, which is repaired by the enzyme DNA ligase.
Now consider: These processes are carried out, not by professors or scientists well acquainted with DNA, but by molecules devoid of any consciousness, knowledge or reason. They are no different than an assortment of atoms, yet they have been equipped with extraordinary abilities. How can a molecule identify the incorrect part in a DNA string? To do so, it would need to know by heart the DNA helix, which consists of some 3 billion units of information, and be able to identify any incorrect one. In addition, it would have to know an exceedingly quick and efficient method of rectifying that error and be able to implement it perfectly. This whole situation is quite astonishing. Almighty God, Who is free of all imperfection, exhibits the glory of His creation by creating tiny molecules with such extraordinary abilities. Any rational person of good conscience, as his knowledge of living things and the entire universe increases, will grow in submission to the infinite might of God and will call on God’s name in the finest terms

Protein Production

Protein production in the cell is one of the miraculous phenomena created by God. Every cell operates like a factory, using the most advanced technology and organization. In this micro-world, which is visible only under the most powerful microscopes, extraordinary events take place.
Let us examine the main outlines of this protein factory that works with the most flawless and perfect efficiency:
1. Whenever the body feels the need for any protein, a message expressing that need reaches the DNA molecule in the nuclei of the cells where that production is to take place. Here, a very important point is to be noted: Whenever there arises a need for any protein in the body, certain messengers—themselves proteins!—can find all the relevant locations in the body, know where they must go, and then transmit their message to the right place in the proper form. The protein that establishes this communications finds its way in the total darkness of the bloodstream, without losing its way, losing the message it carries or doing any harm to any part of it (Figure 105).
2. To request the formula for a protein from DNA, a special language is used. This language has an alphabet which scientists designate as consisting of four letters, A, G, C and T. The production of the appropriate protein is of the greatest importance in order that there will be no impairment of the processes inside the cell, and for the need to be met in an accurate manner—in short, to maintain the cell’s very survival. Therefore, after the message arrives concerning the need for a particular protein to be produced, the correct information needs to be selected and extracted from the DNA.
But who makes that selection? An enzyme known as RNA polymerase, whose work is exceptionally difficult. First and foremost, it must select the letters regarding the protein to be produced from among the DNA molecule, which consists of 3 billion letters. The way that RNA polymerase finds and extracts information of just a few lines from those 3 billion units of DNA information is comparable to finding a few specific lines in a foreign language, with no description or index of it being available, from an encyclopedia consisting of 1,000 volumes.
3. In order for the copying process to begin, a very important obstacle has to be overcome. The entwined arms of the DNA molecule need to be separated, and this is again the task of RNA polymerase. Attaching itself to the first 3 letters of the gene to be coded, the RNA polymerase opens up the DNA rungs—which resemble a spiral staircase—as if it were unfastening a zipper. It does this at a very great speed. In fact, because of that very speed, there is a danger of the DNA heating up and getting damaged. Yet the system has been laid out so perfectly that this danger has been foreseen.
Thanks to a series of precautions taken beforehand, the danger of overheating is eliminated; as if it were aware of the possible danger, a special enzyme attaches to the ends of the opened DNA string and blocks this friction. As we’ve seen, special enzymes then prevent them winding around each other during the DNA opening process. Were it not for these enzymes, then it would be impossible for the order docket known as messenger RNA to be copied, because the arms of the DNA helix, parted like the teeth of a zipper, would again wind around each other before the copying process even began, and the resulting friction would damage the structure of the DNA. As we have seen, dozens of enzymes and proteins are involved in every stage of the process, yet all fulfill their responsibilities to the letter, in perfect harmony.
4. After these special precautions, there are still a few more hurdles to be overcome. For instance, the information containing the amino-acid sequence in the desired protein may lie anywhere in the long DNA molecule. In that case, how is the polymerase enzyme to copy codes indicating information—in other words, the amino-acid sequence— in different locations?
It cannot break the DNA, nor skip over unwanted codes. If it continues directly along the same lines, it will copy unnecessary data, and the desired protein will fail to appear.
The solution to this problem takes place with an extraordinary phenomenon. The DNA, as if it were aware that it must assist in the copying process, bends in such a way that the region containing the unwanted string of code appears on the outside. Thus the ends of code sequences that must be read consecutively, but which are separated from one another because there are other codes between them, actually join together. In this way, the codes that need to be copied appear in a single line, and the polymerase can easily copy the protein in the order docket.
5. The extraordinary events that occur in the copying of the order docket from the DNA, exhibiting the flawless nature of the creation of Almighty God, do not end here. The copying units also must be halted, or else the polymerase will copy the entire gene from beginning to end. At the end of the gene coding the protein is a codon indicating that the gene has come to an end. (The word codon refers to any triple group of nucleotides that constitute the DNA code.) When the RNA polymerase arrives at the codon, it understands that the copying process is to end. And at this point, the messenger RNA bearing the message for the protein separates from the DNA (Figure 106).
Great care is again taken at this point, because the messenger RNA will cover a considerable distance, exiting the nucleus and going to the ribosome where production is to take place. It is also essential that the message it carries should come to no harm. Therefore, it emerges from the cell nucleus under the protection of various special enzymes.
Protein production is by no means limited to these phases. However, the miraculous events that have occurred up to now are some of the proofs of God’s sublime artistry and infinite knowledge.

The Final Stage of Protein Production

After the information in the DNA needed for protein production in the cell is located and copied, it must reach the factory—in other words, the ribosomes—where production is to be carried out. These organelles, present in every cell, lie quite a distance from the DNA in the nucleus and are distributed throughout the cell’s cytoplasm, the cell’s internal fluid.
Production orders must be forwarded to these factories in perfect form and at high speed. The messenger RNA (mRNA) finds the ribosome from among all the many organelles inside the cell without losing its way. When the mRNA locates the ribosome, it settles onto its exterior in the form of a line.
The information belonging to the amino acid sequence of the desired protein has thus reaches the production center. Now, messages begin being sent to the other regions of the cell for the raw materials—amino acids, in other words—necessary for the protein to be produced and brought in (Figure 107). 23
The task of searching for and finding the amino acids to be used and of bearing them to the ribosome belongs to transporter RNA (tRNA). There are 20 varieties of amino acid in every living cell. Each one of these amino acids, or raw materials, is carried by a transporter unique to itself. 24 The way amino acids bond to the tRNA that will transport them takes place as the result of a series of complex processes.
Every tRNA serving as transport carries every amino acid to the place in the ribosome set out in the production instruction, ensuring that there is no impairment of the production function.
The flawless discipline seen in these unconscious molecules, the way they behave as if possessed of awareness and responsibility, is proof that each has submitted to God, the Lord of sublime might and reason, and behaves under His control.
The information and requisite raw materials for the protein to be produced are now ready. Yet first, there is another problem to be overcome. As we have already seen, the production data—the order, in other words—is written in a special language in the DNA. Production must take place according to the data written in that language. However, the strings of amino acids to be used as raw materials are “written” in another language.
The problem may be better described thus; the written instruction in the order form is in the language of the code comprising the DNA—that special “language” consisting of four letters. The proteins to be produced are communicated in a different language, with a 20-letter alphabet (because there are 20 varieties of amino acid comprising proteins). Thus, the production information coming from the DNA is not in any language the amino acids can decipher. As a result, in order for the amino acids to understand which information from the DNA is referring to, they must translate the DNA language.
In order for life to continue, the ribosome factory has been equipped with a mechanism that resolves this problem in a most perfect manner. A system has been created that translates between the two different languages used during production in the ribosome. This translation system, known as the codon-anticodon method, works in a manner far superior to even the most advanced computer centers. Just like an interpreter expert in two different languages, it turns the protein information written in the DNA language (consisting of four letters) into the protein language (consisting of 20), stating which amino acids are to be laid out alongside one another. As a result, the desired protein is accurately produced.
Worthy of particular note is the absence of any error in this translation process. There is only room for one or two errors in the production of the thousands of proteins necessary for the survival of the cell, and thus of the living things. No man-made technological apparatus nor the most careful and expert human beings could translate and write a text such as a protein—the equivalent to 200 novels—in such a flawless, perfect manner.25 However, these molecules, which behave under the control of God at all times, do everything to the letter. To rational believers, all these are manifestations of God’s miracles.